White Collar Crime An Definition Of Occupational...

David O. Friedrichs provided more accurate definition of occupational deviance because the term seems to be applied to activities drifted away from the original meaning of White Collar crime. It’s blended with the term conventional crime. Edwin Sutherland introduced the concept of white-collar crime in 1939. There were conceptual confusions with the term occupational crime, occupational deviance, and workplace crime because these terms are combined with white-collar crime. Friedrichs (2002) defined occupational deviances as â€Å"characterized as activity undertaken for one’s own gain, or to cope with workplace stress, and not for the benefit of one’s employer or organization† (p.249). Quinney (1964), â€Å"Because the validity of white collar crime as a form of crime has been a subject of severe controversy, the question of conceptual clarity has largely been ignored. Today, as a result, the meaning of the concept is not always clear† (p208). Friedrichs’ used Gary Green’s theory to explain white-collar crime. Green described occupational crime into four types; Organizational Occupational Crime, State Authority Occupational Crime, Professional Occupational Crime, and Individual Occupational Crime. Organizational Occupational Crime is comparable to corporate crimes. Using legitimate employment in an organization as an opportunity for crime. The crime is usually environmental pollution because it involved with the corporate personnel with different levels of implementation to haveShow MoreRelatedThe And White Collar Crime897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Literature Review Crimes have been occurring in our society for many years and recently the occurrence of non-violent crimes has increased dramatically. Traditional and white collar crimes have two traits in common, an objective and a modus operandi, but the major difference is that a white collar criminal has a plan and also the ability, knowledge and technology to execute it (Nevis, 2012). White-collar crimes can occur at any occupational level and affects all parts of society, from big businessesRead More Radical Criminology Essay2456 Words   |  10 PagesCriminal law involves prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime (Criminal law, 2010). But who gets to decide what acts are criminal? It should be no surprise that the individuals with the most power do. For radical criminologists, the problem arises in capitalist societies because it is in these societies where the means of production are owned privately by a small number of people. Based on the writings of Karl Marx, radical criminologists argue that theRead MoreHow Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White Collar and Corporate Crime?2543 Words   |  11 PagesRESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME? White-collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross-border problem. White-collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged persons who enjoy an elevated social status and who engage in crimes are rarelyRead MoreCrime Is An Organization? Essay2026 Words   |  9 Pages1) So called â€Å"white collar† or â€Å"occupational† crime seems to be receiving more attention than ever these days, which is more of an indictment of its lax enforcement historically than of any indication of a truly reformed modern stance. What is meant is that this particular type of crime is so engrained into our culture that the famed Sociologist Edwin Sutherland estimates that fully 90% of our top seventy companies are â€Å"habitually criminal† in their actions (Schmalleger 404). Yet only recentlyRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 PagesThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India â€Å"The practitioners of evil, the hoarders, the profiteers, the black marketers and speculators are the worst enemies of our society. They have to be dealt with sternly, however well placed important and influential they may be; if we acquiesce in wrongdoing, people will lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional DoctrinalRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pagespopular. His frameworks are bold—critics would say pretentious (Geis, 2000)—because they claim to be â€Å"general theories† that explain crime across types of crime and types of people. Hirschi also has shown little interest in race,class,and gender inequalities that others—especially those from more critical perspectives—see as fundamental to any explanation of crime (see, e.g., Miller Burack, 1993). Regardless of their merits, these critiques have done little to dim Hirschi’s influence; if anythingRead More SOLVED SOCI212 Quizzes 1 86149 Words   |  25 PagesPoints Question 1 of 20 1.0/ 1.0 Points 1. According to Feagin and Batur (2004), by the __________, the majority of the U.S. population will be comprised on non-Hispanic whites.   A.2030s.   B.2040s.   C.2050s.   D.2060s. Question 2 of 20 1.0/ 1.0 Points 2. Which of the following states listed does not currently have a non-white majority population?   A.Minnesota.   B.Hawaii.   C.Texas.   D.California. Question 3 of 20 1.0/ 1.0 Points 3. DeParle estimated that about __________ percent of theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeveloping an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential ExerciseRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCreativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencer’s Magnetron 185 Spence Silver’s Glue 185 The Four Types of Conceptual Blocks 185 Review of Conceptual Blocks 194 Conceptual Blockbusting 194 Stages in Creative Thought 194 Methods for Improving Problem Definition 195 Ways to Generate More Alternatives 199 International Caveats 202 Hints for Applying Problem-Solving Techniques 203 Fostering Creativity in Others 203 Management Principles 204 SKILL ANALYSIS 210 Cases Involving Problem Solving 210 The Mann GulchRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages5.3 after Manpower strategies for flexible organizations, Personnel Management August, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (Atkinson, J. 1984); Figure 5.4 from Kalleberg, A., Flexible firms and labour market segmentation: effects of workplace restructuring on jobs and workers, Work and Occupations (Vol. 30 Issue 2) pp. 154–175, copyright 2003 by Sage Publications, reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc.; Figure 5.5 reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd from Clegg

In Adulthood, The Sexuality Of Mature Women Is A Central

In adulthood, the sexuality of mature women is a central focus. Women’s bodies are usually portrayed one of four ways: 1) as symbols for an object and thus exchangeable with it, 2) as a fragmented object made up of component parts that are not bound together in any coherent way to create personality 3) As an object to be viewed or 4) as an object to be used (O’Malley Patterson Story, 2009). A decorative role is defined as one in which the individual is passively decorating the advertisement, as opposed to being actively involved with the product or service being advertised. Advertisements featuring physically attractive men and women are much more likely to be used as decorations in advertisements. However, women are four times more†¦show more content†¦Researchers say that women react negatively because women generally value emotional intimacy and commitment. On the other hand, men usually focus on emphasizing physical gratification and tend to view sex as a n ends itself, not a means. Comparatively, women tend to adopt a relationship-based orientation to sexuality, emphasizing intimacy and commitment. This is a premise that dates all the way back to evolution. Females in the human species are required to invest many more resources to produce offspring than men do. Casual sex is not resourceful to women because they’d rather commit long-term resources to help with the nurturing of the offspring. This idea alone leads to parental discouragement and condemnation regarding sex more for daughters than for sons. Gender even influences how stories of sexual encounters are described in stories to peers. 42% of women reported engaging in sexual relations without involvement compared to 84% of men. Women pose greater negotiating powers and are the gatekeepers of sex. Sex in advertising for women can be seen positively when under the lens of a relationship, men responded oppositely (Dahl Sengupta Vohs, 2009). The revival of the womenâ₠¬â„¢s movement in the 1960’s really drew attention to the portrayals of women in mass media. Feminists criticized advertising saying that portrayals of women were unrealistic and women were depicted asShow MoreRelatedThe Girl By Jane Kincaid Analysis1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe literature, who is known as the girl. 2a. From what perspective are the events being viewed? The perspective that the events are being viewed in is in a first-person narrative. The mother is guiding her daughter about how to reside as a mature woman, and many of her comments comprise practical advice. Throughout the story, many of the mother’s directions are intended at preventing the girl from becoming the â€Å"slut† her mother thinks she’s going to be. b. What events are being viewed?Read MoreMarriage To Survive In Daniel Defoe’S Moll Flanders. Although1657 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage to Survive in Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders Although the central concerns of women during the eighteen-century was of courtship and marriage, social graces, and dignity, money was also a very important concern. â€Å"Many of the female characters in eighteenth-century novels are portrayed as intensely aware of finances and markedly interested in the getting and keeping of money† (Scheuermann, 311). Daniel Defoe’s fictional heroine, Moll Flanders is always thinking in economic terms and lookingRead MoreReview and Critique of: Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective A book by Caroline Bretell Carolyn Sargent3517 Words   |  15 PagesThe book demonstrated many different areas in which women either ruled or ruled together with man. It leaves people with hope that the world is capable of an equalitarianism society. Many topics in the field of anthropology of gender are covered. The authors feature not only information from classic sources but also include recent literature from around the world. This book gives r eaders an awareness and understanding of the sociology of women and gender. In this critique the focus will be on theRead MoreTraditional Learning and Adult Learning1205 Words   |  5 Pagesusing Knowles theory of adult learning, I will consider how the experience could have been adapted. Traditional Learning Context As a 17 year old in the mid 1990s, I enrolled in an introductory psychology course at a private religious college in central Virginia. The college was traditional in almost every way, from the way coursework was organized to the ways in which classroom activities were delivered. The course textbook was the primary reading for the course, the lecturer delivered the readingsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 1941 Words   |  8 Pagesthe brutality of adulthood is long and confusing, often resulting in a loss of self identity. Children tend to look towards the future with great anticipation; whereas many adults tend to constantly reminisce about their childhoods. As a child, the thought is that growing up cannot come soon enough; one cannot appreciate the blissful innocence of childhood until it has passed. The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, explores the complex and often incomprehensible transition to adulthood through the experiencesRead MoreA Critical Examination of the Sexual Life of Man In Sigmund Freud3818 Words   |  16 Pageshumanity. It means many things to many people; to some, it is sacred and should be treated with respect. To others, it is pleasurable and should be lured to without repression; expressed it is worded human sexuality. Reiterating the central place which sexuality occupied in the life of man, Dietrich writers: Sex à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as contrasted with other departments of bodily Experience is essentially deep. Every manifestation of sex produces an effect which transcendsRead MoreResponsible Parenthood2167 Words   |  9 Pagesis loved, responds to love, and in that relationship comes to wholeness as a child of God. Importance of having good family relationship 1. Provide education on humans’ sexuality and family life in its varying forms, including means of marriage enrichment, rights of children, responsible and joyful expression of sexuality, and changing attitudes. 2. Provide counseling opportunities for married couples and those approaching marriage on the principles of responsible parenthood. 3. BuildRead MoreWomen And Society : Women s Rights1859 Words   |  8 PagesWomen and Society It is an indisputable fact that females have experienced all types of suppressions and oppressions and have been viewed as inferior to man by every society around the globe since the dawn of mankind. It is not brain surgery that nearly every culture globally tends to be dominated by the male gender. All nations have declared their support to gender mainstreaming yet on a daily basis countless forms of gender-based violence against women take place across the world. The discriminatoryRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Lower Ses Adolescents3260 Words   |  14 Pageson the of lower ses adolescents. The scope of the problem, the social context of teenage pregnancy, and the consequences will be examined. teenage mother face difficulties and problems during and after pregnancy twice as much as more than older women and their pregnant â€Å"counterparts† who delayed childbearing until after age 20 .Low ses greater risk of becoming teenager pregnant and influence the deve lopment of both the course and persistence in antenatal depression and PPD and ) reported thatRead MoreSexism in the Media2977 Words   |  12 Pagessexism in the media Karen Harper, Oakland LMV What comprises sexism and feminism? Do sexist images in the media have an impact on women and girls? And, what are the broader political issues here? I am hoping that we can reframe the debate around sexism and nudity in the media in a way that makes sense for socialists. We’re all probably aware of sexist representations in the media from newspapers and magazines to the movies, TV and radio. For example, Rolling Stone magazine didn’t used to be a soft

Case Analysis of “Which is Higher” Free Essays

In the northeastern part of the United States, the Queen’s Island School District caters senior high school education to a large urban area wherein about one third of the students’ population is of cultural minority. The school district has six senior high schools, from grades ten to twelve, wherein one representative was selected to comprise the committee on revising the curriculum for secondary history. Meanwhile, Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of â€Å"Which is Higher† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tom Blakely, the head for social studies curriculum was appointed to spearhead the committee on revision. The chosen members of the committee were Luis Garcia of Garfield High, Eric Tannenbaum of Central High, Lois Blakely of Van Buren High; Lee Cheng of Kennedy High, Delicia Jackson of South Point High, and Michelle McMurray of Westside High. These members are all history teachers in their respective schools. They were tasked to scrutinize the existing curriculum in social studies for their school district. Thus, the committee is expected in the end to come up with the most plausible instructional objectives, teaching methods, evaluation tools, and set of references for the revised social studies curriculum. Two Main Positions Eric Tannenbaum favored the time-tested lecture-discussion as his primary method in teaching history. Sometimes he also uses group work and current event discussion in his class. He believed that lecture-discussion method is the most appropriate in presenting lessons with wide coverage. By using it, he can tackle lessons within the allotted time. In terms of evaluation, he used to administer teacher-made tests which for the most part have objective type items. In addition, essay questions are also provided in his tests. Tannenbaum thought that the first two levels of the Bloom’s taxonomy of learning objectives should be first attained by students in order to prepare them for higher-order learning. Michelle McMurray advocated the problem-solving approach in teaching history. She believed that a facts-oriented subject would just give burdens on the part of the students. She added that for the students to appreciate history, the method should be focused on principles through meaningful learning experiences rather than memorization of dates, places, and people. To be able to do this, learning objectives that utilize problem-solving and creativity should be formulated. In her class, she employs methods to connect historical facts to the present knowledge of the students and its relevance to the contemporary time. For every unit, she encourages students individually or by group to identify problems of their interest to work on. Given the appropriate time to prepare, the students will present their reports. With these, learning experiences become meaningful to the students leading to a long time memory of learned facts. Based on the presented output, she formulates essay-type questions that correspond to the high-order level of Bloom’s taxonomy. She also allows students to write questions that can possibly be used as test questions. The two members of the committee supported the notion of Tannenbaum concerning curriculum design for social studies. Luis Garcia and Cheng Lee both agreed with Tannenbaum propositions for those are conveniently used by most history teachers. On the other hand, Lois Blakely and Delicia Jackson supported the ideas of McMurray. For them, learning can only be meaningful when students’ interest and active participation are harnessed for every learning activity. Analysis Bloom’s Taxonomy Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives is a hierarchy of learning objectives from simple to a more complex (Huitt, 2004). Most of the time, it is described as a ladder where students need to climb from the low to higher level. Knowledge, comprehension, and application belong to the low-level cognitive domain while analysis, synthesis and evaluation are high-order thinking level (Huitt, 2004). Based on McMurray’s analysis, Tannenbaum’s objectives were merely just at the low level of the Bloom’s taxonomy. Even though he has essay questions in the evaluation, those questions also require simple recall of data or information. Conversely, McMurray favored essay-type questions that require students to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information. She allows students to identify interesting topic for research in every unit of the subject then give them freedom to rigorously research on their chosen topics and present their outputs on the class. Additionally, the other groups are also encouraged to raise their questions concerning the presented report. Based on their presentation of outputs, she patterns questions for assessment. With these, McMurray were able to give independence to her students by working and discovering new things on their own, thus, leading the students to higher-order of thinking. Ausubel’s Meaningful Reception Learning The meaningful learning of Ausubel denotes the absorption of new information and acquisition of new meanings (Elliot, Kratochwill, Cook, and Travers, 2000). As a student internalizes new information, he patterns and fits this to his existing cognitive structure. By anchoring this new information to his existing schemata, renewal or adjustment of the schema results leading to the acquisition of new meaning, hence, the term meaningful learning (Elliot, Kratochwill, Cook, and Travers, 2000). Looking back at the case analysis, since Tannenbaum used to employ lecture-discussion on his class, students will just tend to memorize and depend on the details of his lecture. Although absorption of new information occurs but the internalization and transformation of the information into new memory unit is deterred. As such, the learned facts only remain in students’ mind in a short period of time. On the contrary, through the methods of McMurray students may have the chance to work independently and present their output based on their own plan. By anchoring the subject matter into the present thinking level of the students, the teacher motivates them and incites them for further learning. Discovery Learning. Jerome Bruner postulated that the active engagement of learners in every learning activity would result to a long mind-retention of learned facts or principles (Dandapani, 2004). Environmental stimuli arouse learners’ interests that trigger them to find solution for a perplexing situation. In finding the most plausible explanation for the perceived difficulty, one may exhaust all possible resources in his environments. In this process, learners internalize information, fit this to their existing cognitive structure, and create or adjust schemata (Dandapani, 2004). Since, problem-solving approach is under discovery learning, McMurray utilizes the process of discovery in her teaching approach. Information Processing Theory Information Processing Theory emphasized the roles of attention, perception, thinking, memory, and problem-solving processes in learning (Lachman, Lachman, and Butterfield, 1979). Every individual observes a lot of environmental stimuli but the brain mechanisms selectively limit the absorption of information in such way that the new information would systematically organized with the existing cognitive structure (Lachman, Lachman, and Butterfield, 1979). By giving attention on a particular stimulus, one may be able to perceive what has been observed. Then, the role of memory takes place by organizing this new information with the existing schemata. In this assimilation process, once the newly absorbed information is unable to be fitted into the existing schema, either this will be lost in the memory or adjustment in the existing cognitive structures results (Lachman, Lachman, and Butterfield, 1979). This means that the mind does not only fit the newly absorbed information into existing schemata but also adjust to accommodate it. In the case analysis, Tannenbaum often used lecture-discussion method for he can cover a lot of topics within the allotted time. However, as firmly stated by McMurray, lecture-discussion would only provide numerous facts that most of the time give burden to the students because of their difficulty in memorization and their inability to organize, relate and integrate different information, and unable to see its connections and relevance to everyday living. McMurray proposed that by formulating learning objectives which will utilize problem-solving skills and develop creativity, learning will be meaningful for every student and a longer retention of learning is foreseen. My Opinion Tannenbaum is not entirely wrong with his method of choice. He just failed to address individual differences by integrating several methods of instruction to cater the lesson to the different needs, interest, and abilities of the learners. His method is inclined solely to rigorous memorization of facts giving way to rote learning. Even though he has a genuine purpose of accomplishing the time-bound topics prescribed for the course, he is actually delimiting the subject into low-level of thinking resulting to failure in developing multiple intelligences. McMurray’s approach in teaching is anchored on Ausubel’s reception learning, Bruner’s discovery learning, and information processing theory. As such, we may infer then that her approach in teaching is more democratic and student-centered. She encouraged active participation among her students and allowed them to work on the topic of their choice. By means of this, she actually harnessed the interest of students towards problem-solving and incited them to find ways to accomplish their tasks. Moreover, she patterned her evaluation based on students’ outputs and even encouraged students to formulate test questions. With these, learning becomes meaningful for every student that may propel them for further learning. Nevertheless, with regards to the possible content gaps or topics that are not able to tackle up due to time constraints in employing problem-solving approach, as what McMurray did, teacher may supplement the report of the students by bringing up the topics that students’ failed to choose. We also need to admit the inevitable truth that our minds tend to forget and only limited facts stay in our long-term memory. Therefore, it is much better to incur content gaps in a subject if the tackled topics retain longer in our memory rather than to cover all prescribed topics in the absence of authentic learning. How to cite Case Analysis of â€Å"Which is Higher†, Papers

Room divisions Operations Management free essay sample

This case study explores the importance of Room Division service in hospitality industry. The task 1 discusses the different services provided by the rooms division in different circumstances. The impact of different operational issues in managing the front of house area is evaluated in the second task. The third task discusses the different features that add the effectiveness of accommodation service function. Lastly the importance of using statistical and forecasting techniques to maximize and measure the number of room occupancy and revenue generation is described. Introduction The study of hospitality industry is known as hospitality management. The term hospitality generally refers to the generosity and affable behavior towards to guests and visitors. There is a business across the globe which welcomes visitors with food and accommodation and this business is known as hospitality business. It is a service industry and the most essential part of this industry is ensuring high customer satisfaction and providing best facilitations for them. Room division management is an important division of hospitality management where it is guaranteed good housekeeping along with managing front office and other operational services. To perform these duties it requires responsible managers and staffs with relevant knowledge and skills. Effective management of room division is an underlying activity of a successful hospitality business. Task A Research report into rooms division operation A. 1 Analysis of the key aspects of legislation and regulations to rooms division There are many rules are regulations set by the government for the business practice in their countries. The European legislation has laid laws pertaining to guests, right to employees, environment food and beverages etc. As per some these guidelines are same for the room division services as well (Yu, 2012). The main laws in practice are as follows. Environmental law – It is essential for the room division services to follow the environmental law which suggests protecting environment by using less contaminant substances which is harmful to the environment. As for example the when the rooms are being cleaned it is necessary to check the amount of detergent used and the waste water should be treated so that it does not pollute the environment Food safety–Providing variety food and healthy food to the customers is very important. The food and beverages should meet the standard set by the government so that the customers are fully satisfied and stays healthy. The hospitality service sector needs to monitor the food quality served to the customers. Employee rights and protection – The minimum remuneration and working hours of a particular job should be mentioned in the agreement papers and should be same for all the employees in the post irrespective of class, gender, ethnicity and race. Employees should be protected when they complain against the employer regarding misconduct and others. Data protection – In most of the countries the Intellectual Property Law is established against the theft of data and information. This is very important because in company secrets regarding the personal details of the customers are recorded and it is the duties of the room division staffs to abide by the guidelines and protect this information. Price and tariff regulation – according to the laws set by the government there are defined price of services for different types of hotels and tourism industries. The room division staffs need to maintain their quality level and charge the customers accordingly. They cannot charge more for not providing a particular benefit. For avoiding future discrepancies it is the duty of these staffs to display their price chart accurately. Any specified privileges to the corporate customers and others need to follow rules and regulations for proper functioning of the system. There are other rules and regulations regarding record keeping for immigrants and laundry services affect the room division service of the hospitality organizations. These guidelines support better functioning of the service. A. 2 Roles and Responsibilities of Accommodation and Reception Staff The accommodation and the reception staffs of a hospitality industry perform multiple roles and responsibilities (Mok, et al. , 2013). They are the backbone of any hospitality industries like hotel, restaurants, tourism, hospital and many more. Roles and responsibilities of accommodations services staffs are various some of the important function are mentioned below. 1. They ensure accommodation area is well maintained, clean and presentable. 2. They control budget for stocks and maintaining the inventory for food and other supplies to the customers 3. They manage in maintaining repairs and the room decors and furnishings. 4. They inspect and ensure the accommodation is in compliance with proper hygiene and safety regulations. 5. It is the responsibility of the accommodation managers to recruit and train room attendant staffs and to coordinate with other departments for better standard of performance. 6. They take care and arrange the laundry services and the room’s linens so that neat and clean environment is maintained. 7. The precise duty and responsibilities vary for different positions and size of the organization. The front office staffs are the face of the company. They must have an excellent communication skill and a pleasant personality when they greet the customers. The reception service staffs play an important role in various service organizations (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2008). Some of the vital responsibilities are as follows 1. They help in processing the visitors’ booking reservation requests in hotel industry and keeping a record of the guests in other companies. 2. They allocating the rooms and staying facilities for the guests and managing their cycle from checking in to checking out. 3. Managing the guests complaint and directing them a suitable solutions is done by the front office staffs 4. The front desk cashiers supporting the visitors with billing details and performing others sales and promotional activities. 5. The cashiers at the front desk take care of point of sales and checks whether the complete transaction is done correctly. 6. By keeping a check in the incoming visitors and guests the front office staffs also maintain a record book for the purpose of security. 7. They effectively communicate the concerned people during emergency and for informing the housekeeping special requests and checks out details. The main purpose of the accommodation and reception staffs is to maximize customers’ satisfaction level. They need to perform variety of roles and responsibilities for an effective functioning of the services. A. 3 Evaluating services offered by the rooms division for different hospitality business A. 3. 1 Services offered by Accommodation front office department The room division for any hospitality business performs various functions and the two main sectors of room division are the accommodation and front office department (OFallon Rutherford, 2010). Their functions are as follows Accommodation service department – The main function of this department is to maintain and repair and the accommodation area or property. This is the overall management of the office space, hotels, restaurants, campuses etc. It is necessary service for all the businesses with a building facility but for the hospitality industry it is of utmost importance. Accommodation services include housekeeping, interior decoration, laundry and linen, safety and security provision, maintenance and many more. Front office service department – They are the face of the service provider and visitors and customers come to them for any information (Bardi, 2011). It is important for the front desk staffs to do different activities like making reservation, allocating rooms, facilitating billing process, and providing relevant information. They need to have excellent communication skills, coordinating behavior and good body language so that the customers feel comfortable. For a better customer satisfaction and overall functioning of the business it is important for both the departments to work coordinative way and towards achieving organizations’ goal. A. 3. 2 Evaluation of various services offered by Rooms Division Rooms Division services play an essential role in the hospitality industry. There are many services offered by the room division managers (Clarke Chen, 2012). The main function is planning and evaluating operations for the entire business. The hospitality business have diverse environment like hotels, restaurants that provide room service and educational campuses. Therefore the Room Division department is required in these organizations for better services to their customers. The services offered by the room division to the hotel industries are maintaining the accommodation area and allocating rooms to visitors (OFallon Rutherford, 2010). They control the inventory for supplies to the customers. They coordinate working with other department sin the organization for catering and other services. They plan, recruit and train the staff members for better performance. The restaurants that have room facilities provide food and resting amenities to their customers. The reception and front desk office manages the billing related activities and provide information regarding tariff and other promotional offers. Services offered by the room division in university campus are almost same in the hotel industries. They are required plan accommodation for students and other delegates visiting the university. They manage and maintain the accommodation facilities by ensuring timely repairs and refurbishment. Thus it can be said that the room division offers variety of services in the hospitality business and the outstanding services providers create a brand value for the organization. A. 4 Importance of front-of-house area and the accommodation service. A. 4. 1 Importance of the front of house area to effective management The building premises of any hospitality business should be well maintained. The front of house area is the place where the visitors and guests first enter and it gives them the first impression of the service provider. The interior decoration, layouts and designs should be attractive. The welcome area should be properly lighted with perfect ventilation so that many guests can be accommodated and served at the same time (Abbott Lewry, 2013). Flower arrangement, colorful pattern on walls and overall ambience should be pleasant and charming. The front of house area must have affront office department where the customers are necessary to make all types of communication throughout their stay (Andrews, 2013). The guest cycle is maintained by the front office staffs and for the customers they make the necessary booking reservations by coordinating with them over phone and mails. They maintain the details and guest records. On arrival of guests necessary details are updated into the organization’s Property Management System (PMS), charges are added in the POS (Point of Sale) when guests avail services like entertainment or sports and are then reorganized in the PMS. This is useful at the time of checking out helps the management in maintaining bookkeeping. The front office staffs maintain various records which are later evaluated by the board members for an effective management of the organization. A. 4. 2 Importance of property interiors and design to effective management For an attractive and warm welcome the layout and the property’s interior design is an important factor and can increase customer fulfillment. A well decorated office can have a positive impact on the customer’s mind and shabby space can have a negative impact on the customer’s thought process (Piotrowski, et al. , 2013). For an office space, rooms should be durable and there should be enough area for the employees to be mobile inside the office. It should be well lit and ventilated so that many people working together do not feel suffocated. The furnishings and fittings should be comfortable and easily accessible for example when an employees is at his desk he should be able to operate the computers, make a call and write a note easily without stretching or feeling uncomfortable. Thus overall interior decoration should emphasis on a good work environment. The hospitality service organizations like hotels focus greatly on the interior decoration of the reception area, lobby and rooms. The reception space must have flower pots and decorative plants that can set a pleasant tone (Enz, 2009). The rooms should have well designed fabrics matching linens and a sweet odor so that the customers or guests relive their senses, feel relaxed and enjoy their stay. Effective interior design requires balancing between the purpose of operations and other beautifying elements to create the ambience for the visitors. Task B Understanding the key aspects of management of rooms division at Hilton hotel and resorts Hilton hotels are an international chain of hotels and resorts services (Anon. , 2013). This was founded in 1919 and over 540 hotels across globe. Mr. Rob Palleschi is the room division head of the company. The key aspects of managing room division at Hilton Hotels are evaluated below. B. 1 The key aspects of planning and management of the front of house area and the accommodation service. B. 1. 1 Discussing key aspects of planning and management of the front of house area. Planning and management of the front of house area is vital for a successful functioning of any hospitality organization because it is the main point of contact with the potential customers. The Hilton group of hotels and resorts has a strong planned, organized and managed front of house area. The key aspects of planning and managing front of house area at the Hilton Group of hotels and resorts are as follows Departmental planning – At the Hilton Group work is assigned to each departments and the employees have distinct roles and responsibilities. There are full service departments for catering, housekeeping, finance, marketing, human resource and many more. The front office at Hilton effectively communicates with every department along with the customers, guests and employees for a smooth running of the hotel Use of latest technologies – The Hiltons group encourages the use of latest technologies for an effortless operation of the customers billing and sales. The front office have introduced POS (point of sales) designed by HSI for its 150 chains of hotels located at different countries (Panettieri, Joseph C. ;, 2010). They have a long term partnership for providing hospitality solutions of hotel technologies. Security measures – The front of house area at Hilton hotels have very developed security measurements. They have closed circuit of television at different locations inside their property which continuously captures images of the visitors, guests, and employees and records them accordingly (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Information of the location is also stored with the help of key cards and other modern technologies. Data protection of the customers – At the front office when a potential customers arrive they are required to enter their personal contact details and other important details regarding their purpose of stay and others. The front office staffs at the Hilton hotels and resorts takes an extra care to protect this consumer’s information and keep it as a secret (Hilton, 2013). For hospitality industry customer information protection is vital as it contains many of personal data which cannot be accessed by others. Evaluation process – The front of office department at Hiltons regularly evaluate the customer’s needs and demands. They collect feedback from the customers regarding their service and the scope of improvements (Hilton, 2013). As for example if a customer complains of the reservation procedure they make necessary changes to the system after taking approval from the higher management members. At the Hilton Group the hospitality service is extremely appreciated and customers experience is high level of satisfaction. The front office area is not only equipped with the modern technologies, staffs have pleasant personality and is well planned and managed. B. 1. 2 Analyzing key aspects of planning and management of the accommodation service. Accommodation service includes mainly the housekeeping, maintenance of the facility, hygiene factors, safety measures, security services and many more. Housekeeping involves managing and cleaning of all public and private areas in a hotel. Engineering and maintenance takes care of equipments and maintenance any break down of the restrooms and other leisure rooms in the hotels. Safety and security services are responsible for safety of the building, customers and employees. Planning and management at the Hilton group went through a strategic change after identifying their market position. They introduced a concept known as business scorecards which aimed at implementing all aspects of the business and change the company’s culture for achieving the organization’s objectives (Enz, 2010). The management operations were reoriented towards the business scorecard. The employees were given proper training related to their work and the overview of the organizations culture. The planning of staffs allocated to different departments play a key role for effective and proper handling of work responsibilities which ensures efficient department planning. The size and structure of the accommodation service determines the number of employees and in Hilton Hotels it is stated that more than 135,000 employees are working (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). The capability of multitasking is very important for managing different responsibilities regarding housekeeping. The business operations at Hilton Hotel adopted a new model after conducting customer surveys. This system focuses on the delivery of value or utility to the customers by adopting action oriented tactics and redesigning their organizational and support construction (Enz, 2010). They applied the theory of value chain which associates long term strategic objectives to short term business plans. As for example the accommodation services focused more on cleaning of bathrooms, quick responsiveness towards the guests complains, maintaining a pleasant room odor, cutting off the external disturbances inside the rooms like noise and maintaining quietness all around the premises. The main purpose of adopting this value chain process for their accommodation service at Hotel Hilton was to enhance Hilton’s stakeholders and customers’ level of satisfaction. They applied continuous improvement procedure to guarantee increased performance level as the customer’s expectation and demand changes. B. 2 Evaluating the main operational issues affecting management and business performance. B. 2. 1 Analyzing the key operational issues affecting business performance of the front office area. Front office is the heart of any hotel business and all types of transactions passes through this department. Managing front office procedure has a lot of barriers that needs to be addressed for a successful business operation (OFallon Rutherford, 2010 ). The main operational issues are as follows Financial– It is very important to manage the financial issues efficiently for an effective running of hospitality service organization. One of the key functions of front office cashier is to settle, prepare and manage guest’s accounts. The front office staffs of Hilton hotels are well trained and are qualified accountants who tackle the financial problems and accounting issues (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Sales and marketing – The changing market conditions and increased competition it is important for the hotels to market and promote their services. Since the front office department is the face of the hotel for potential customers they have the additional responsibility to advertise their services to generate sales. Hiltons have a highly motivated sales people working as a team who create different selling platforms for their customers to enhance the market share (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Human resource –The front office is the hub and is required to effectively communicate with all the departments like housekeeping, food and catering, room service, laundry department and many more. There are issue relates to managing employee details, recruiting assistants and trainings them. Hilton hotel front office staffs are warm; actively cooperate with different departments and quickly handles customer’s grievance effectively (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Quality – Maintaining high quality standard is utmost important for the customers to return and avail the service in future. The front office is required to maintain the quality by adhering to the hotel’s policies and programs. The Hilton hotels front office takes a lot of care to enhance the service quality and regularly collect feedback from their customers regarding the service provided (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Customers – The main source of revenue of any hospitality industry is their customers. The changing consumer behavior and their expectations are the main operational problem faced by the front office department. Hilton hotels front office staffs are trained individual who understand their customers well and responds to their queries efficiently (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). They are also trained to handle customer grievance with patience and calm nature. Thus it can be said that there are many operational issues associated in managing front office department. Hilton group of hotels recruit individuals who are skilled with pleasant personality and highly motivated to overcome these problems and making the hotel a successful brand. B. 2. 2 Analysis of the key operational issues affecting business performance of the accommodation service. Managing accommodation services involves in scheduling of staffs, maintaining and repairing the premises, analysing budget, controlling expenses and working in compliance with the organizations’ rules and regulation. For any hotel operation a well run accommodation service is a vital part for its overall success. During the course of working there are several operational issues that hinder the business performance (Jones, 2008 ). Some of the key problems are as follows Marketing – One of the main functions of the accommodation department is to market the brand with promotional activities and advertisements. Hotel Hilton has a team of highly motivated sales, marketing and communication team which aims to represent the hotels services in both internet and offline media. There are more than 700 sales managers who communicate with the potential customers regarding their assortment of properties and brands (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). This is very difficult as people from one country to another have different needs and wants and meeting these expectations pose a complicated situation. Financial – The overall maintenance of the hotels, employee retention process, technology and other departments’ incur huge expenses on the management and the only source of income are the customers. With increased completion and overall expenses Hotel Hilton is facing problems related to the growing debt trouble (Mark Reutter , 2013). The company needs to pay the staffs in form of salaries; the government in form of service taxes and because of the economic slowdown and recession the operating expenses has increased tremendously. Human resource management – Recruiting the right candidate for the right job is a great challenge for the accommodation service department. The next part is training and motivating the staffs to work abiding the company rules and regulations. At Hilton Hotel the management faces extensive problems in retention the staffs (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). Different leadership styles and reward programs have been implemented to keep the employees. Customers – Due to increased competition in hotels sectors the customers look the best service providers and are less of brand loyal. It is difficult to identify the changing tastes and expectations of the customers. Hilton group of hotels have come up with customer loyalty programs like the Hilton HHonors which allows a customer for a free stay at more than 10 brands of Hilton Groups (Hilton Worldwide, 2013). These loyalty programs are expensive for the organisations but it is necessary to have implemented for a competitive advantage. There are different operational issues in the effective functioning of the accommodation services but working as a team and cooperation from different department’s can overcome these hurdles and move ahead. Task C Research into occupancy, room revenue and key aspects of techniques to measure C. 1 Explanation of revenue or yield management. Yield management or revenue management is a process of forecasting, indulging and influencing the customers’ behavior in order to earn optimum profit from operations (Hayes Miller, 2011). There are three important aspect of application of yield management. First, the resource should be recurring or cyclical, secondly it should be perishable in nature and thirdly there should be demand for the service. Demand is managed through promotion and distribution channels and there are mainly two types of distribution channels in use Controlled – These channels directly interface customers to the hotels and their brands. As for example use of advertisement through internet and television media. Intermediary – Where an agent or middleman is involved in promoting the hotels to the customer intermediary channel is in use. To maximize the revenue it is important to have a fixed pricing approach and the tariffs should be on the basis of standard, quality of service, day and night logging etc. rates may vary if the customers come for a longer duration, on the peak seasons or slump seasons so that maximum numbers of rooms are occupied. Price fencing or discounting is applicable when the customer pays the full payment at the time of reservation, in advance booking. Prices are also lowered when he customers’ lead time or waiting time is increased so that the potential customer’s do not walk away. To maximize the revenue the inventory or stock needs to be managed by evaluating the current and estimated bookings made by the customers. To capitalize maximum customers and increase the market share it is important to make promotional activities using internet and encouraging viral advertisement. This means making a buzz in the internet so that any customer who searches for any associated article on the internet comes across the word and brand awareness is created. To some extent the yield management may have ethics related issues. According to many observations it is revealed that in hotel business this practice may not be justified (Kotler, 2008). As for example the hotels may not inform the customers regarding the price changes when there are discounts available or not offering enough benefits as per pricing. The main advantage of revenue or yield management system in hotel industry is to enhance productivity, ensuring optimum utilization of resources and increase profitability in terms of sales and market share. Although it has a number of disadvantages like practicing price differentiation which is sometimes perceived as unethical by customers, luring customers, focusing highly on revenue generation and failing in customer expectations. C. 2 Analyzing sales techniques to maximize revenue. There are different marketing techniques adopted by hotel industry to increase the number of room’s occupancy and maximize the revenue. They are as follows Rates structures – It is important to structure the rates of different services before the customers arrive so that there are no discrepancies during room charges (Dix Baird, 2006). There are various tariff structures in the hotel industry and the selection depends particularly on the market where the hotel wants to operate. Pricing on market-basis – Many customer at hotels want to avail some extra services like restaurants and pool without paying high prices (Reid Bojanic, 2009). In such cases the hotels allows their customers to use these charging lower amounts. This is mainly done to attract new customers. Negotiation of tariffs – The room rates needs to be bargained with the customers before making the final settlement. During peak season when most of the rooms are occupied the room rates increase, for special delegates the rooms should be charged high with greater personal attention. Customers with corporate packages should be charged differently from the individual or family customers. Hotels should utilize overbooking policy that is during full occupancy if a customer’s fails to come on time or does not come at all the cancellation charges may not be refunded Referrals and sale leads – Satisfied customer often spread the word of mouth and also give referrals to the hotels in their feedback forms. It is important for the hotel management to evaluate the feedback and target the referrals who are the potential customers to increase their sales (Ingram, 2013). Performing market research and emphasis on repeat business needs to be given. Up selling – An existing customer can be induced to upgrade the services by the hotel sales managers. As for example a customer can be persuaded to take a room with a better view and bigger space by just paying a little extra (Hayes Miller, 2011). This helps the hotels to earn revenue from their existing customers. Customer loyalty programs – For the satisfied customers it is required to make schemes like loyalty cards, incentives and providing discounts (Ingram, 2013). This makes the customers more attached to the brand and wants to return to the same hotel time and again. Managing the sources of booking – it is essential for the management to properly assess the booking details and their sources. Such as the website of the hotel should be updated regularly and good professional relationship needs to be maintained with the travel agents, airlines and the potential customers (Hayes Miller, 2011). Thus effective implementation of sales techniques helps a hotel to maximize their revenue. C. 3 Evaluating the use of forecasting and statistical data in the room division. One of main purpose of hotels is to achieve greater customer satisfaction and increase in room occupancy which in turn enhances revenue generation. Forecasting availability of rooms is estimating the number of rooms that will be available for future sale. Forecasting is done by analysing on the basis of statistical data available with the hotels by collecting survey forms from the satisfied customers. It is comparison process of the projected presentation to the actual performance. Some of the important usage of forecasting and statistical data in hotels is as follows 1. It helps in creating a target of room booking that needs to be achieved in a day or week or month basis to optimize growth. 2. This projection helps the front office staffs in reservation and booking processes. By forecasting the room occupancy the management can also plan the number of employees required for the task. 3. This helps the accommodation department to plan and store the required supplies for the number of customers so that there is no surplus or wastage. 4. Forecasting helps the management to select the future pricing strategy. For example if there is off season and according to forecast less number of customers visit then the hotels can lower their base prices. 5. The catering and food department can store the food items according to the number of customers estimated. 6. The hotel management can formulate their future marketing strategies and expansion plan on the basis of their forecasts and statistical data 7. These techniques also acts as a benchmark for their services and the management can focus on their improvement areas. 8. By using making the analysis on day to day basis the managers can take successful operating decisions. The most commonly used performance indicators by the front office department are room occupancy percentage, double room occupancy percentage and average room rate. Room division operation can be well managed and controlled by using different performance indicators. C. 4 Calculation of performance indicators to measure

Halloween I will never forget free essay sample

One spooky All HolloWs Eve I was walking quickly by the old neighborhood real haunted house as we were going through the neighborhood trick-or-treating. It really Is haunted! No one had lived there in decades. I hear all kinds of stories about the place and my mother says Im never to go there! It Is creepy and all falling apart. My so called best friend Jon dares me to walk into the house as the front door was open. What am I going to do? I laughed the dare off thinking he would forget. I dared him to go first. John and his friends call me afraid cat. I felt so bad. I got mad thinking Ill show them. What would you have done? I crept up the sidewalk to the porch. The house needed paint and there were broken windows. The door was wide open so I peeked In. We will write a custom essay sample on Halloween I will never forget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was old furniture and cobwebs all over the place. It was dark and smelled funny. The door creaked on Its hinges as I walked In. This place was In need of a real home makeover Like In those shows dad watches In TV. The floor boards creaked under my feet. I heard a cat and saw Its yellow eyes as It raced ahead of me. I screamed! I must have scared It, but who was scared more, me or the cat?I could barely see. There was no electricity as it had been turned off years ago. The only light was that of the full moon peeking in through the musty curtains. I turned to the left because I knew the back door was close by. I just had to go through the old kitchen. Would you have continued into the house or backed out? I felt along the old kitchen counter with my hand. I was so glad I had a baseball glove on; I was a Red Sox player again this year. The table seemed low on the floor. It had actually started falling through the old floor.This place really was dangerous! I need to get out of here FAST! I reached the door but it was stuck. I pulled and pulled but it would not move. The wet October air had caused the door to swell shut. How was I going to get out? Then I saw the old window. I pulled and pushed and finally got the old thing up and crawled through. Boy was I glad to be out of there! Next I crawled along the porch floor; the porch roof had fallen and blocked the stairs. I could see the street ahead of me and embedded it was the other side of the corner lot. I had a plan!Id sneak up behind my friend at the front side of the house and really scare them! They wouldnt dare me to do anything for a real long time! This was going to be a Halloween my friends and I would never forget! When we got home from trick-or-treating I told my little brother what I had done. He thought I was brave for going in the haunted house alone. He laughed when I told him how I scared my friends! But as usual he went right to mother to tell her. I should have known he couldnt keep a secret! When was I going to learn that lesson?So, I was grounded. Mom took away my candy and gave half of It to my brother. I really would never forget this Halloween! Halloween I will never forget By leakiness One spooky All Hollows Eve I was walking quickly by the old neighborhood real is haunted! No one had lived there in decades. I hear all kinds of stories about the place and my mother says Im never to go there! It is creepy and all falling apart. My peeked in. There was old furniture and cobwebs all over the place. It was dark and smelled funny. The door creaked on its hinges as I walked in.This place was in need of a real home makeover like in those shows dad watches in TV. The floor boards creaked under my feet. I heard a cat and saw its yellow eyes as it raced ahead of me. I screamed! I must have scared it, but who was scared more, me or the cat? I could because I knew the back door was close by. I Just had to go through the old kitchen. My friend at the front side of the house and really scare them! They wouldnt dare me to learn that lesson? So, I was grounded.

How to Cancel SAT Scores

How to Cancel SAT Scores It happens after every test administration. Kids take the SAT test, then go home fraught with worry, anxiety, stress, and depression because they realize that they didnt do as well as they could have. Perhaps they didnt do one of the seven things they were supposed to do the night before the SAT, or maybe they just didnt get the right SAT prep materials to really knock their score out of the ballpark. Their question is, Can you cancel SAT scores? And much to their relief, the answer is a quick and easy, Yes! Should You Cancel SAT Scores? Before you decide to cancel, you must first realize that youll truly have no way of knowing how well youve done on the exam until you get your SAT scores back, and that always happens a few weeks after your test. So, if you choose to cancel your scores, youll be going on gut instinct alone, which isnt always a bad thing. But there are a few things to consider before you choose to cancel your scores. Dont cancel if†¦ youre being paranoid. Most people have a little bit of doubt surrounding their testing performance. Is your doubt without warrant, based only on your paranoia? Then perhaps you should keep your scores. Remember that with Score Choice, you get to choose to report the scores youd like to the schools to which youre applying. Cancel if†¦ there are extenuating circumstances that prevented you from doing your best. Perhaps you tossed and turned for two nights prior to the exam and woke up groggy and dim the day of the test. Or, maybe you woke up with the flu, but decided to test anyway because you didnt want to pay the SAT registration fee again. Or, maybe you were seated next to someone who distracted you in some way so you lost your place, miscalculated your time, and ended up having to erase half of your scantron. Things happen! You Can Cancel SAT Scores At the Test Center If you realize immediately after youve taken the test that your SAT score is not going to get you into one of your top choices because you skipped sections or miscalculated, then you can cancel your scores even before you leave the test center. First, ask the test supervisor for a Request to Cancel Test Scores form.Next, fill out the form and sign it right then and there.Finally, give the form to the test supervisor before you get in your car and leave the test center. You Can Cancel SAT Scores at Home Maybe youre not as enlightened to your poor performance on the SAT. The desire to cancel might not really hit you until youve gone home and had a few conversations with friends about a particular reading passage in one of the Critical Reading sections (that you cant remember at all). If this is you, theres still time if you act quickly- very quickly. The College Board must receive your score cancellation request in writing no later than 11:59 p.m. (Eastern Time) on the Wednesday after your test date. Thats not much time at all! If you want to cancel, heres what to do: First, immediately download and print the Request to Cancel SAT Scores form from the College Board website.Then youll need to fill it out, sign it, and either fax or overnight the request per these instructions:Fax: (610) 290-8978Overnight delivery via U.S. Postal Service Express Mail (U.S. only): SAT Score Cancellation, P.O. Box 6228, Princeton, NJ 08541-6228Other overnight mail service or courier (U.S. or international): SAT Score Cancellation, 1425 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing, NJ 08618, USA

Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supreme Court - Essay Example The American government is divided into various arms which perform different functions. SUPREME COURTThe supreme court carries out various functions which include, keeping check and balances on the US executive government. The American constitution empower the supreme court to check and correct the president’s actions. The US Supreme Court is considered to be the most elitist and least democratic institution of the US government This is because it is led by learned judges who are appointed and not elected into their lifetime positions. The supreme court is considered to be the least democratic because the judges are expected to keep checks and balances on the political government, however their actions are not respected thus the debate on their democracy (R. Dye, Zeigler and Schubert).FEDERALISMFederalism is a governership method that allows two or more governing bodies in the same region. Americans uses federalism in governing the Americans using the state laws , federal laws , and local government laws. Federalism has changed greatly in the course of the American history these changes include, eliminating the confederation articles and giving the federal laws supremacy over the state laws (R. Dye, Zeigler and Schubert).CONCLUSIONConclusion the , the supreme court has played a great role in advancing the Americans rights and freedoms over the last six years . These includes legalizing same sex marriages which is in accordance with the bill of rights of the American constitution.

The presence of the current financial crises has made investors more Essay

The presence of the current financial crises has made investors more determined in handling excess remunerations - Essay Example Introduction A vote against remuneration is significant if it receives less than 75 percent of the shareholders support. Thus, votes have been on the use recently in protesting against pay increases that are insufficiently linked to performance. For instance, Section D of the U.K corporate governance code sets out remuneration guidelines for both the executive and non-executive directors. According Tricker (2012) section D.1, â€Å"the remuneration should be sufficient enough to motivate and attract directors, but a company should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose. A significant proportion of the executive director’s remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance.† Section D.1.4 of the U.K corporate governance states that it is the responsibility of the remuneration committee to consider compensation commitments of their directors in the event of early termination. MM & K report is recent and its releas e fueled investor’s activism in fighting against pay rise. The report revealed that the medium total pay rise for FTSE 100 CEOs is 10 percent and one quarter of the CEOs in this index had 41 percent increment on their pay. Research indicates that the size of pay that a FTSE director has increased unexpectedly. For instance, between years 1990 and 2000, the remuneration of a FTSE chief executive went up by 13.6 percent annually from ?1 million to ?4.2 million. In year 2011, FTSE remuneration rose by 11 percent. The current average pay rise in the market is 1.7 percent. In 2012, there have been 24 similar incidents in total all over Europe compared to 2011 which had 25 cases. The legislation has been carefully following these protests, and the pending U.K legislation shows that by year 2012, pay plans will have to pass the majority vote or shareholders will have the authority to reject management’s remuneration proposal. New disclosure rules are also in the process of co ntemplated purposely to help the shareholders in making a decision. For example, in France the new socialist government is contemplating to impose pay limits on executives in companies which own a majority stake. The pay will be 20 times that of the lowest paid employee in the company thus leading to substantial pay cuts. Also, the contemplated Legislations will exert pressure on companies where the government owns share but not a controlling share. CEO’s of companies such as AstraZeneca, Aviva, trinity Mirror is some of directors who had been forced to resign over pay and performance related problems even before news broke. WPP Group During the 2012 annual general meeting, approximately 59 percent of the WPP investors voted against the company’s remuneration report and the CEOs pay package of ?6.8 million. In the previous year, over 40 percent of the shareholders had a ‘no’ vote on pay and this prompted the remuneration committee to reach out the sharehol der before the 2012 AGM. After the shareholders vote the chairman of the group said, â€Å"

Media ethicss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media ethicss - Essay Example For Aristotle, proper understanding of and grateful attitude towards wealth, honor, virtue, pleasure, and friendship is what is needed for human to live well. Through appropriate behavior and good upbringing, one must learn the ability to understand, choose, and decide which conduct is best for an occasion. This, of course, should be supported by logical reasoning --- a power that all human beings are capable of. Aristotle also believes that practical wisdom cannot be acquired by following general guidelines. Through practice, every individual should learn the social, emotional, and reflective skills that allow him/her to act in ways that are appropriate for each unique event (Bertrand, 22). Per Kant, it is the cause for doing a certain action, rather than the outcome of the deed, that gives it a moral value. Kant's renowned statement regarding duty is "Act according to the belief that you choose and can do so as to make it your entire principle." (Bertrand, 45) On the other hand, countering Kant's principle on ethics is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the thought that a behavior's role in producing advantage for all is the moral value of the deed. Advantage for all involves the summed pleasure or satisfaction for everybody. It means that the outcome establishes the value of any behavior --- the ends justify the means (Bertrand, 25). PluralPluralism Pluralism is about different values. This ethics model asserts that there are several differing values existing in a diversely peopled world. These values are called duties, and they are unspoken guidelines so every individual's behavior will not threaten other people's happiness and life (Patterson and Wilkins, 12). This ethics model acknowledges the unique roles people play in their every day lives, and the similarly differing values people believe in based on these diverse roles in the society (Bertrand, 29). Commutarianism Commutarianism, on the other hand, places social equality as its guiding principle (Patterson and Wilkins, 14). As every individual is a part of a larger society, it asserts that every one should be sensitive to the consequences of their every action. These actions, must be beneficial not only for themselves, but for the entire society. Communitarianism stresses the relationship of the individual to the society and the correlation of the different social systems --- economic, legal, etc. This ethics model is applicable in evaluating the role of the media in the society, since per Patterson and Wilkins, it enhances the accomplishments of the media as a whole and eliminates possible rivalry among them (15). Surname 3 Ethical Issues in Reporting the Truth Chapter 2: "Taste in Photojournalism" and "Too many Bodies, Too Much Blood" In this case studies, the media had a hard time reporting the truth due to differences in moral sensibilities. A photo journalist may have a hard time distinguishing what is right and moral and what is considerate and moral. Pluralism is very obvious in this case study as different individuals who play different roles may value things at different levels. What may be deemed as a responsible publishing of a photo to warn society may be considered harsh or insensitive towards the feelings of the photo's

Illegal Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Illegal Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay Malaysia is a tropical country which consists of three regions: Peninsular Malaysia and the two Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak. According to Forest Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from Official Website Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, the forested area in Peninsular Malaysia is 5.89 million hectares from overall Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hectares. McMorrow Talip (2001: 217, citing Wood 1990) have pointed out that, based on its performance up till the end of the 1980s; Malaysia is one of the 14 major countries with over 250,000 hectares deforested annually. They added that by the late 1980s half of the forest area in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had gone. A variety of factors contribute to this state of affairs. When deforestation and forest degradation became critical issues, shifting cultivation was singled out by the governments, and particularly by the Sarawak government, as the main cause of forest loss. Yet, it has since been established that forest degradation due to shifting cultivators is minor (Cramb 1989; Jomo et.al. 2004; Nicholas 2003). The major causes of the decline in forest area and quality include commercial logging, agricultural development, dams and resettlement. To look deeply into the matter of the role of authority from land office and forest department to prevent illegal occupation in the forest, the author will give some definitions about forest, illegal forest activities which include illegal occupation of forestlands, illegal logging, etc. The laws such as National Land Code1965 and National Forestry Act 1984 that involve illegal occupation in forest have to be defined. Forest management or sustainable forest management also has to be defined to find out overview of forest law enforcement and system monitoring in Malaysia. Since the respondents of study are authorities from land office and forestry department, hence the functions, roles or responsibilities also need to be defined. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Forest According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, forest is a large area of land that is thickly covered with trees. While in Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary, forest is defined as a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves. Forest is a problematic and hybrid category. As defined in FRA2000, it is a combination of a land-cover class and a land-use class: it relates not only to the presence of trees of over 5m and 10% canopy cover, but also to the absence of other land uses such as agriculture. It includes areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked but which are expected to revert to forest (FAO Forestry Department, 1998, p. 3). Further complications stem from changes in minimum size of area included (0.5 ha in FRA2000, compared with 100 ha in FRA1990). Rubber plantations were included as plantations in FRA2000 but not in FRA1990. And while a uniform definition was employed in FRA2000, it has not become a global standard: discussion continued thereafter (FAO, 2002), and a different one has been agreed for reporting on the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC, 2002). Even if a single definition is agreed, as in FRA2000, problems remain and indeed may become even more insidious because they are less obvious. At the country level, data are collected according to national definitions, and have to be adjusted to the international one Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 showed that forests cover 31 percent of total land area. The worlds total forest area is just over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an average of 0.6 ha per capita. The five most forest-rich countries (the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) account for more than half of the total forest area. Ten countries or areas have no forest at all and an additional 54 have forest on less than 10 percent of their total land area. Carol Yong (2006) revealed that the official definition of a forest used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which excludes areas under agricultural crops (e.g. oil palm). In Malaysia, however, the areas under oil palm, rubber and tree crops are frequently regarded as forest. The question of the definition of forests is particularly significant in the Malaysian context where the Malaysian forests are rapidly disappearing and, conversely, forest plantations areas are expanding. Malaysian Timber Council (2008) draws our attention that in the year 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land area, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 percent of total land area are classified as total area under tree cover. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are forested area and 6.25 million hectares are other tree cops. Of the total area under tree cover, 8.96 million hectares (36.42 per cent) are found in Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares (45.65 per cent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares (17.93 per cent) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least area under tree cover. S. Mather (1990) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad (2003) and Norisah Binti Kasim (2006) stated that forest is one spectrum which has natural elements like product of the forest, flora and fauna, etc. Area of all the forest that has been identified at the middle of decade 1980 is more than 4000 million hectare or 31 percent of surface of the earth. According to S.M. Mohd Idris who is the director of Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) or Friends of the Earth Malaysia (1987) in Norisah Binti Kasim (2006), he stated that forests offer protective roles against environmental changes. The complex role played by forest in the heat and water balance of the earth is undeniable. At the local level, the forest cover breaks the impact of heavy rainstorms on the soil, reduces and slows down surface run off, and minimizes soil erosion as well as situation of the drainage systems. Flash floods and prolonged floods in many areas of the topical world are increasingly attributable to extensive clearance of forested areas. 2.2.2 Unlawful Occupation According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, the meaning of occupation is the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc. Meanwhile the meaning of unlawful is not allowed by the law or synonym with illegal. Therefore unlawful occupation can be defined as the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc which is against the law. 2.2.3 Illegal Forest Activities Illegal forest activities is a broad term that includes illegal logging; it is used to refer to activities broader than just harvesting, which is, transport, processing and trade (Smith, 2002). Brack and Hayman (2001) also mention that illegalities may also occur during transport, including illegal processing and export, misdeclaration to customs, and avoidance of taxes and other monies. Illegal forest activities include all illegal acts related to forest ecosystems, forest industries, and timber and non-timber forest products. They include acts related to the establishment of rights to the land and corrupt activities used to acquire forest concessions. Illegal acts include unauthorized occupation of public and private forestlands, logging in protected or environmentally sensitive areas, harvesting protected species of trees, woodland arson, wildlife poaching, unlawful transport of wood and other forest products, smuggling, transfer pricing and other fraudulent accounting practices, unauthorized processing of forest products, violation of environmental regulations, and bribing government officials (Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a) There are many types of illegal forest practices like public servants may approve illegal contracts with private enterprise. Private commercial corporations may harvest trees of species that are protected by law from timber exploitation. Individuals and communities may enter public forest and illegally take products that are public property. Illegal activities do not stop at the forest. They travel down the line to operations in transportation, processing and trade of forest products. Individuals or corporations may smuggle forest products across international borders or process raw forest materials without a license. Corporations with strong international links may artificially inflate the price of imported inputs or deflate the volume and prices of their exports to reduce their tax liability and to facilitate the illegal transfer of capital abroad (FAO 2001). Contreras-Hermosilla presents examples of illegal activities in the forestry sector, grouped into six categories: illegal occupation of forestlands; illegal logging; arson; illegal timber trade and transport, and timber smuggling; transfer pricing and other illegal accounting practices; and illegal forest processing that shown in Table 1 below. Illegal occupation of forestlands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Invasion of public forested lands by either rural families, communities or private corporations to convert them to agriculture or cattle ranching à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice of slash-and-burn agriculture on invaded lands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Landless peasants illegally occupying forested areas to force governments to grant land ownership rights to them and these governments buying lands from peasants. Illegal logging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging protected species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Duplication of felling licenses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Girdling or ring-barking, to kill trees so that they can be legally logged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contracting with local entrepreneurs to buy logs from protected areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging in protected areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging outside concession boundaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging in prohibited areas such as steep slopes, riverbanks and water catchments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Removing under-/over-sized trees from public forests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extracting more timber than authorized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reporting high volume extracted in forest concessions to mask the fact that part of the volume declared is extracted from non-authorized boundaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging without authorization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Obtaining logging concessions through bribes. Woodlands arson à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Setting woodlands on fire to convert them to commercial uses. Illegal timber transport, trade and timber smuggling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transporting logs without authorization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transporting illegally harvested timber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smuggling timber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exporting and importing tree species banned under international law, such as CITES à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exporting and importing timber in contravention of national bans. Transfer pricing and other illegal accounting practices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Declaring lower values and volumes exported à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Declaring purchase prices higher than the prevailing market prices as equipment or services from related companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manipulating debt cash flows to transfer money to a subsidiary or parent company, such as inflating debt repayment to avoid taxes on profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Under-grading, under-valuing, under-measuring and misclassification of species exported or for the local market. Illegal forest processing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operating without a processing license à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ignoring environmental and social and labour laws and regulations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using illegally obtained wood in industrial processing. Table 3: Examples of illegal practices in the forestry sector The World Bank estimates that loss of revenue caused by illegal forest activities throughout the world is worth US$5 billion annually. Illegal forest activities occur in tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Illegal forest activities abound in many countries, for example: * In Indonesia, as much as 50 million cubic meters of timber are estimated to be illegally cut-down each year. * At least one-fifth of Russias annual timber harvest is taken illegally, and illegal harvesting may account for as much as 50 percent of the total in East Asia. * In Cambodia in 1997, the volume of illegally harvested logs was ten times that of the legal harvest. * In Cameroon and Mozambique about half of the total annual timber harvest is illegal. * In Brazil, an estimated 80 percent of timber extracted each year in the Amazon is removed illegally. 2.2.4 Illegal Logging Illegal logging has no single definition. It is not a legal term derived from treaties, statutes, or court opinions. Neither is it a technical term that professionals use in a consistent way. In a general sense, illegal logging takes place when timber is harvested, transported, bought or sold in violation of national laws (Black and Hayman 2001). This broad definition includes almost any illegal act that may occur between the growing of the tree and the arrival of the forest-based product in the hands of the consumer(Rosenbaum 2003) There are usually no explicit definitions for illegal logging. In practice, the definition can be derived from the legal violations that are reported on in the national statistics concerning illegal logging. This does not necessarily mean that other types of violations would be ignored; they may simply be recorded under different headings. In broad terms, the various legal violations associated with illegal logging can be divided into eight groups: (i) theft, (ii) unauthorized harvesting, (iii) non-compliance with regulations related to timber harvesting, (iv) non-compliance with the procedure of timber sales/concession award, (v) manipulation of timber data, (vi) evasion of taxes and fees, (vii) non-compliance with regulations concerning transport or export of timber, and (vii) noncompliance with labor laws Typically, the statistics on illegal logging in the countries involved in the study refer to violations which involve physical removal of trees i.e. theft, unauthorized harvestin g and noncompliance with cutting regulations. Corruption in connection with timber harvesting is not recorded under illegal logging unless it involves physical removal of trees. All types of violations in the above list except theft could involve corruption. Based on interviews with various stakeholders in the countries involved in the study, noncompliance with labor laws is perceived to be only weakly linked to illegal logging. Sector-specific records are not maintained and forest administration is not involved in enforcement activities. The illegal logging phenomenon is neither new nor uncontested by the government. It started in the years prior to the social economic reform; it reached the peak in 1997 and continues to date. From this point of view, the illness has not infected only one sector but has extended its roots into other sectors of the economy, and the cure for this illness requires the intersectoral cooperation of public administration, not denying here the interested community and the work of the economic and environmental NGOs. 2.3 Forest Management Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest genetic resources and other forest resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire. Formal forest management in Malaysia was introduced in 1901 by the British colonial administration with the creation of a forest department. The department was involved in forestry botany, silvicultural practice, policy formulation and forest preservation. Forestry policies formulated by the British in the 1920s and 1930s were consolidated as the National Forestry Policy (NFP) in 1978 to ensure orderly implementation of forest management, conservation and development across all states. This is because land and forest in Malaysia are strictly state matters. The ad hoc forest management policy practiced by each state makes monitoring and control of forest resources at the federal level difficult. The National Forestry Act (NFA) of 1984 provides for orderly harvesting, renewal and conservation of trees at the sustainable yield level. 2.3.1 Significance of Forest Management 2.3.2 Sustainable Forest Management Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is the way of management in which growth exceeds timber harvest, now also encompasses economics, environmental and social qualities that contribute to the sustainability of forest dependent communities and ecosystems as well as the forest itself. Malaysia has a plan more environmentally-friendly and responsible business practices. This will help reduce operating costs in the long-run and is a wise investment in the future, safeguarding the natural resources depending on corporations and communities. For example, local corporations in forest industries are joining WWFs Global Forest and Trade Network. They are targeting European and US markets, where consumers are increasingly demanding wood products from sustainably managed forests (WWF-Malaysia, 2008). According to International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, 1992), sustainable forest management is the process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services, without undue reduction of its inherent value and future productivity, and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environments. FAO (1993) defines it as one which ensures that the values derived from forest meet present day needs while at the same time ensuring their continued availability and utilization to long-term development needs. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is impossible to achieve if a country does not have a management system. In this regard, the use of more systematic approach in managing the forests in Peninsular Malaysia began in 1901 when the first forest officer was appointed (Ismail, 1996). Since then, forest management practices in Peninsular Malaysia had been subjected to constant review and refinement so as to ensure their suitability in achieving forest renewal and sustained yield. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 report has provides a comprehensive overview of the results of FRA 2010 grouped according to seven themes, covering key aspects of sustainable forest management: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extent of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Forest biological diversity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Forest health and vitality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Protective functions of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Productive functions of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Socio-economic functions of forests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Legal, policy and institutional framework 2.4 Legal Framework The forestry policies are implemented primarily through the provisions in the forest laws enacted for the three regions: National Forestry Act 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia, Forest Ordinance 1958 for Sarawak and Forest Enactment 1968 for Sabah, and the various amendments by the States. The other related regulations that affect forestry for Peninsular Malaysia include the Land Conservation Act 1960, Environmental Quality Act 1974, National Parks Act 1980, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Land Code 1965, Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Forest Rules 1985. For Sabah, the relevant regulations include Forest Rules 1969, Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1977, Land Ordinance 1930, Cultural Heritage (Conservation) 1997, Sabah Parks Enactment 1984, Biodiversity Enactment 2000, Conservation of Environment Enactment 1996, Water Resource Enactment 1998, and Environmental Quality Act 1974. Sarawak has the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance 1 997, Forest Rules 1962, Wildlife Protection Ordinance and Rules 1998, The Forests (Planted Forest) Rules 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Ordinance 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity (Access, Collection Research Regulations) 1998, Land Code 1958, Natural Resource and Environmental Ordinance, Water Ordinance 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Land Ordinance 1952, Native Code 1992, Native Code Rules 1996, and Native Custom Declaration 1996. 2.4.1 The laws 2.4.1.1 Malaysian Constitution Forests are under the responsibility of the states as enshrined in the Malaysian Federal Constitution. Under Article 74(12) of the Federal Constitution, land and forest ownership and management is the responsibility of the State governments. Each state has control over how they use and protect their forest resources then come up with their own policies. For example, Sarawak governs under the Sarawak Forest Ordinance of 1954 while Sabah operates under the Sabah Forest Enactment of 1968. The executive authority of the Federal Government only extends to the provision of advice and technical assistance to the States includes help with forest management, training of personnel, conduct of research and demonstration or experimental stations unless the State agrees to delegate some of their authority to the Federal Government. However, the Federal Government is responsible for trade policies, import and export controls and international cooperation among others. Under the provision of Article 74 Clause (2) of the Malaysian Constitution, land and forest are defined as state matters and are thus within the jurisdiction of the respective State Governments. Clause (3) of Article 76 of the Malaysian Constitution ensures that all Acts related to land and forest shall not come into force in a State unless it has been adopted by a law made by the legislature of the State. As such each State is empowered to enact laws on forestry and to formulate forest policy independently. The executive authority of the Federal Government only extends to the provision of advice and technical assistance to the States, training and the conduct of research, and in the maintenance of experimental and demonstration stations. 2.4.1.2 National Forest Policy Upon independence from the British in 1957, the Colonial Office returned the forests to Malaysia. In 1958, with provisions under the Federal Constitution, the National Land Council (NLC) was formed for coordinating State and Federal policies and objectives covering land use, mining, forestry and agriculture to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the promotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout the Federation the development of natural resources was therefore perceived piecemeal, rather than holistically (Kathirithamby-Wells 2005: 267). The first step to protecting the forest resources in Malaysia was the formation of the National Forestry Council (NFC) in December 1971. The goal of the NFC was to create coordinated plans and effectively manage Malaysians forests. The NFC is made up of the Chief Ministers from all 13 states. Later, this body created the groundwork for the formation of the National Forestry Policy (NFP). This policy was officially adopted by the Malaysian government in 1978. This policy recognizes the importance of forests for the welfare of both individual communities and that nation itself. Malaysia has dedicated itself to sustainable timber yield practices. The National Forest Policy for Peninsular Malaysia of 1978 was revised in 1992 to incorporate several new elements, one of which is on the importance of forest law enforcement. In this revised policy statements, it was emphasized that the State Governments through their respective State Director Forestry must judicially implement the National Forest Act 1984 (Revised 1993) to ensure sustainable forest resource management and conservation. 2.4.1.3 National Forestry Act 1984 An Act to provide for the administration, management and conservation of forests and forestry development within the States of Malaysia and for connected purposes. There is the amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 to provide for stiffer penalties for illegal logging and enlisting the Police and Armed Forces to assist the Forestry Departments in carrying out enforcement to curb illegal logging, timber theft and encroachments. The key measure taken by the Government to prevent forest crime was by amending the National Forestry Act, 1984 to incorporate new provisions to deter the occurrence of forest offenses. The Act was enacted to update and harmonize forest law in the Peninsula. Prior to the Act, the various State governments depend on the State Forest Enactments, which were formulated in 1930s, for legal guidelines on forest management and conservation. The Act also enables the effective implementation of the National Forestry Policy passed in 1978. It was amended in 1993 to further strengthen its provisions to curb illegal encroachment of forests and theft of timber. The Act has been adopted by all the states in Peninsular Malaysia. The main objectives of amending the Act are as follows: i) To increase the penalties and tighten the procedures in compounding forest offences ii) To transfer burden of proof from the prosecutor to the defense in the court iii) To delegate power in writing by State Director of Forestry under section 88, 89, 90, 92 or 93 to any member of the armed forces not below the rank of Lance Corporal as empowered to the police but shall not include the power of investigation iv) To add new sections 100A and 100B for rewards and protection of informers respectively, section 101A for power of court to order revocation and disqualification, section 110A for offenses committed by licensee or holder of permit, and New Sixth Schedule for list of machines, equipment and conveyance. v) To make general amendments in the national language text, change of name in the national language text and substitute sections 5, 69, 101 and 104 2.4.1.4 National Land Code According to section 425 unlawful occupation, etc., of state Land, reserved land or mining land National Land Code (Act 56 of 1965) and regulations, Section 425(1) stated that any person who, without lawful authority Occupies, or erects any building on, any State land, reserved land or mining land or Clears, ploughs, digs, encloses or cultivates any such land or part thereof; or Cuts or removes any timber or produce on or from such land, shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten thousand Ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year. (1A) Any person who abets the commission of an offence under sub-section (1) shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to both. (2) For the purpose of this section, State Land shall include all land held by or on behalf of Federal or State Government a local authority or a statutory authority exercising power vested in it by Federal or State law. Section 426 also stated that unlawful extraction or removal of rock material also show that any person who without lawful authority, extracts removes, or, transports or permits the extraction, removal or transportation of rock material from any land shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, or to both. Section 426A show that any police officer not below the rank of Inspector, Registrar, Land Administrator, Settlement Officer or other officer duly authorized by the State Authority (hereafter in this part referred to as authorized officer may without warrant- Arrest any person found committing or attempting to commit or abetting the commission of an offence under section 425 or 426 Seize any vehicle, tractor, agricultural implement or other thing whatsoever which he has reason to believe was used or is being used in the commission of an offence under that section Demolish, destroy or remove any building, or take possession in the name of the State Authority of any crop, erected or cultivated on any land land in contravention thereof. 2.4.1.5 List of unlawful activities under each Law Violations of the protective provisions (damage of forest reserve through fire, prohibited acts in a forest reserve, illegal logging and removal from other areas, cutting of undersized trees) are punished by fine and imprisonment in the case of unauthorized entry for interference with fences or notice boards, by a fine alone [id. Section 20(1)(C) and 33(1)]. Various offences of fraud, concealment of evidence and receiving forest produce are also punished by fine and imprisonment (Section 30). In addition to fines and imprisonment, the Forest Enactment authorizes the court to order the cancellation of licences, the payment of any fees that would have been payable in the case of unlicensed acts that could have been licensed, and compensation of ten times the value of forest produce removed or damaged (Enactment No. 2 of 1968, Section 34). There is also provision for compounding of certain offences [entering closed area, practising shifting cultivation (Section 20(C)], subject to the payment of an amount based on the fine provided for the offence (Section 35). The Forest Enactment contains a number of presumptions that shift the burden of proof to the defendant charged with a forest offence. In prosecutions against licensees, if there is an extraction route from an area of alleged illegal removal to the licensed area, or if the volume of timber claimed to be covered by a licence exceeds the production of the licensed area, the elements of illegal removal or of possession of produce in respect of which an offence has been committed are presumed. In any case in which the existence of a licence, payment of any royalty, ownership of livestock or forest produce, or the provenance of forest produce is in issue, the burden of proof lies on the accused (id. Section 38) . 2.4.2 The Agencies Involved 2.4.2.1 Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) is one of the departments under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and consists of Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters, 11 State Forestry Department and 33 District Forest Office in all of the Peninsular Malaysia. The department is headed by Director General of Forestry and assisted by two Deputy Director of Forestry. At the end of 2009, the number of employees is about 5.432 people. Forestry Department is responsible for the management, planning, protection and development of the Permanent Forest Reserve (HSK) in accordance with the National Forestry Policy (NDP) 1992 and National Forestry Act (APN) 1984. Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters responsible for the formulation of forestry policies, providing advice and technical services to State Forestry Department in the planning, management and development of forests, forest harvesting and wood-based industries, forest operations research, and training and human resource development. At the Head Office of Forestry, there ar